Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines provide robust protection against SARS-CoV-2 in healthy individuals. However, immunity after vaccination of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with ocrelizumab (OCR), a B cell-depleting anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, is not yet fully understood.
In this study, the authors employed deep immune profiling techniques to investigate the immune response induced by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in untreated patients with MS (n=21), OCR-treated patients with MS (n=57) and healthy individuals (n=30). Among OCR-treated patients with MS, 63% did not produce detectable levels of antibodies (non-seroconverted), and those who did have lower spike receptor-binding domain-specific IgG responses compared with healthy individuals and untreated patients with MS. Before vaccination, no discernible immunological differences were observed between non-seroconverted and seroconverted OCR-treated patients with MS. However, non-seroconverted patients received overall more OCR infusions, had shorter intervals since their last OCR infusion and displayed higher OCR serum concentrations at the time of their initial vaccination. Following two vaccinations, non-seroconverted patients displayed smaller B cell compartments but instead exhibited more robust activation of general CD4+ and CD8+ T cell compartments, as indicated by upregulation of CD38 and HLA-DR surface expression, when compared with seroconverted patients. The authors concluded underlying that these findings highlight the importance of optimising treatment regimens when scheduling SARS-CoV-2 vaccination for OCR-treated patients with MS to maximise their humoral and cellular immune responses. Moreover, this study provides valuable insights for optimising vaccination strategies in OCR-treated patients with MS, including the identification of CD38 and HLA-DR as potential markers to explore vaccine efficacy in non-seroconverting OCR-treated patients with MS.
Verstegen NJM, Hagen RR, Kreher C, Kuijper LH, Dijssel JVD, Ashhurst T, Kummer LYL, Palomares Cabeza V, Steenhuis M, Duurland MC, Jongh R, Schoot CEV, Konijn VAL, Mul E, Kedzierska K, van Dam KPJ, Stalman EW, Boekel L, Wolbink G, Tas SW, Killestein J, Rispens T, Wieske L, Kuijpers TW, Eftimov F, van Kempen ZLE, van Ham SM, Ten Brinke A, van de Sandt CE; T2B! immunity against SARS-CoV-2 study group. T cell activation markers CD38 and HLA-DR indicative of non-seroconversion in anti-CD20-treated patients with multiple sclerosis following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2024 Aug 16;95(9):855-864. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2023-332224. PMID: 38548324; PMCID: PMC11347213.